Virtual Experimentation and Students’ Biology Problem-Solving Skills
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.68490/ber.2024.3.534Keywords:
Virtual environments, Biology Teaching, Problem Solving Skills, Non-immersive virtual reality, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA)Abstract
The study was focused to explore the use of virtual world of computer in Biology experiments to foster the students’ problem-solving skills (PSS). The study was made on explanatory sequential mixed method design which included quantitative (true-experimental) approach was followed by qualitative (interview protocol) method. Population of the study included government schools of Punjab. The sample of the study included the government school of backward areas of south Punjab. With help of random sampling technique, the sample was taken and divided into two groups i.e., experimental and control group. The both groups were taught the concept of evolution. But the experimental group was taught with the non-immersive virtual reality program i.e., MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) version 11. While, the control group was taught with the traditional lecture method. Two research instruments were prepared for the data collection. For the quantitative step of the study, a multiple-choice question paper was prepared to check students' problem-solving skills. This MCQ paper was used as pre and post-test (before and after intervention of experiment). For the qualitative step, the other research tool included interview protocol to check students' remarks regarding their experimentation of VR (virtual reality). Data analysis included independent sample t-test, (for quantitative study); while thematic analysis was made to explore the students' experience during the intervention. The findings revealed that virtual reality had significantly affected students’ PSS of experimental group than that of the control group. The interview protocol further revealed the challenges and feasibility of the intervention of the experiment.
References
Aftab Alam. (2017). A Student Friendly Framework for Adaptive 3D-Virtual Learning Environments [PhD Dissertation]. University of Malakand.
Alammary, A., Sheard, J., & Carbone, A. (2014). Blended learning in higher education: Three different design approaches. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 30(4), 440–454. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.693
Almuqbil, N. S. M. (2020). A Proposal for Virtual Laboratories in Learning Biology for Secondary School Curriculum. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 10(6), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2020-0130
Ameerbakhsh, O. (2018). Towards the Use of Interactive Simulation for Effective e-Learning in University Classroom Environment [PhD Thesis]. University of Stirling.
Angel-Urdinola, D. F., Castillo-Castro, C., & Hoyos, A. (2021). Meta-Analysis Assessing the Effects of Virtual Reality Training on Student Learning and Skills Development (9587; Policy Research Working Paper Series). http://www.worldbank.org/prwp.
Annetta, L. A., Cheng, M., & Holmes, S. (2010). Assessing twenty‐first century skills through a teacher created video game for high school biology students. Research in Science & Technological Education, 28(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635141003748358
Annetta, L. A., Minogue, J., Holmes, S. Y., & Cheng, M. T. (2009). Investigating the Impact of Video Games on High School Students’ Engagement and Learning about Genetics. Computers and Education, 53(1), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.12.020
Aseeri, S. A. (2013). Virtual Reality Interaction using Mobile Devices [MS Thesis]. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology.
Atwa, H., Shehata, M. H., Al-Ansari, A., Kumar, A., Jaradat, A., Ahmed, J., & Deifalla, A. (2022). Online, Face-to-Face, or Blended Learning? Faculty and Medical Students’ Perceptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Method Study. Frontiers in Medicine, 9(February), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed. 2022.791352
Azizah, N., & Aloysius, S. (2021). The Effects of Virtual Laboratory on Biology Learning Achievement: A Literature Review. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research: Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Science Education, 1–10.
Bailey, J. (2017). Perceptual and Social Realism in Virtual Reality: The Effect of Immersion on Children’s Psychological Responses [PhD Thesis, Stanford University]. http://purl.stanford.edu/pn714rr1906
Burns, B. D., & Vollmeyer, R. (2020). Problem Solving: Phenomena in Search of a Thesis.
Caratachea, M. X. (2021). Immersive Virtual Reality as a Tool to Make in K-12 Environments [PhD Thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University]. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/6811
Chang, E., Kim, H. T., & Yoo, B. (2020). Virtual Reality Sickness: A Review of Causes and Measurements. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1658–1682. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1778351
de Jong, T. (2011). Instruction based on computer simulations. Handbook of Research on Learning and Instruction, 3, 446–466.
Desmeulles, G., Querrec, G., Redou, P., Kerdelo, S., Misery, L., & Jacques, T. (2014). The Virtual Reality Applied to the Biology Understanding: the in Virtuo Experimentation. Expert Systems with Applications, 30(1), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2005.09.051
Dilshad, M., Malik, ana, & Ijaz Latif, M. (2016). Impact of Computer Simulation on the Achievement of Biology Students at Secondary Level. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 36(2), 1205–1214.
Duwain Brazley, M. (2018). Architecture, Virtual Reality, Spatial Visualization, Learning Styles, and Distance Education. International Journal of Architecture, Arts and Applications, 4(2), 10. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaaa.20180402.11
Fadi, M., & Aoude, N. (2015). The Impact of Integrating Computer Simulations on the Achievement of Grade 11 Emirati Students in Uniform Circular Motion [PhD Thesis, United Arab Emirates University College of Education]. https://scholarworks.uaeu.ac.ae/all_theses
Falode, O. C., & Gambari, A. I. (2017). Evolution of Virtual Laboratory Package on Nigerian Secondary School Physics Concepts. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education (TOJDE), 18(2), 168–178.
Farrell, G. M., Type, P. U. B., & Price, E. (1999). The Development of Virtual Education: A global perspective.
Fenech, R. (2021). Blended learning: Honouring students’ Psychological Contract. Cogent Education, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.1914286
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw Hill.
Geven, K., & Hasan, A. (2020). Learning Losses in Pakistan due to Covid-19 School Closures: A Technical Note on Simulation Results.
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2018). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Pearson.
Hali, A. U., Aslam, S., Zhang, B. H., & Saleem, A. (2021). An Overview on STEM Education in Pakistan: Situation and Challenges. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2021.20
Hite, R. (2022). Virtual Reality: Flight of Fancy or Feasible? Ways to Use Virtual Reality Technologies to Enhance Students’ Science Learning. American Biology Teacher, 84(2), 106–108. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.2.106
Huppert, J., Yaakobi, J., & Lazarowitz, R. (1998). Learning Microbiology with Computer Simulations: students’ academic achievement by method and gender. Research in Science & Technological Education, 16(2), 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 0263514980160210
Iqbal, M. A., Islam, M. A., Aleem, M., & Murtaza, H. (2016). Computer Network Simulation Using OMNET++. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315367286
Iqbal, M. A., Islam, M. A., Aleem, M., & Murtaza, H. (2017). Computer Network Simulation using OMNET++ (A Practical Approach). www.hec.gov.pk
Jong, T. De, & Njoo, M. (1992). Learning and instruction with computer simulations: Learning processes involved (pp. 411–427). http://doc.utwente.nl/27111/1/ K27111__.PDF
Kintu, M. J., Zhu, C., & Kagambe, E. (2017). Blended learning effectiveness: the relationship between student characteristics, design features and outcomes. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0043-4
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Suleski, M., Sanderford, M., Sharma, S., & Tamura, K. (2024). MEGA12: Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis Version 12 for Adaptive and Green Computing. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 41(12). https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae263
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., & Tamura, K. (2016). MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33(7), 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Madden, J., Pandita, S., Schuldt, J. P., Kim, B., Won, A. S., & Holmes, N. G. (2020). Ready student one: Exploring the predictors of student learning in virtual reality. PLoS ONE, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229788
Marín Morales, J. (2020). Modelling Human Emotions using Immersive Virtual Reality, Physiological Signals and Behavioural Responses [PhD Thesis]. Universitat Politècnica de València.
Martin, A. (1988). Out of the Screen: Computers and Simulation. Simulation/Games for Learning, 18(1), 21–29.
Martínez Fernández, Á. (2020). GeneNet VR: Large Biological Networks in Virtual Reality Using Inexpen-sive Hardware [PhD Dissertation, The Arctic University of Norway]. http://github.com/egraff/uit-thesis
Mcgrath, M. (2022). An Evaluation of Virtual Reality (VR) as a Learning Tool for Students with the Aid of an Interactive VR Simulation Program [MS Thesis]. Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology.
Mohammad Babateen, H. (2011). The role of Virtual Laboratories in Science Education. 5th International Conference on Distance Learning and Education, 12, 100–105.
Morimoto, J., & Ponton, F. (2021). Virtual Reality in Biology: Could we become Virtual Naturalists? Evolution: Education and Outreach, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12052-021-00147-x
Nadeem, A. (2019). Virtual Reality Educational Transforms and Prospect for Pakistan. Muslim Perspectives, IV (2), 79–101.
Nadeem, M. A. (n.d.). Virtual Reality Educational Transforms and Prospect for Pakistan 79 Virtual Reality Educational Transforms and Prospect for Pakistan.
Nasution, A. K. P., Surbakti, A. H., Zakaria, R., Wahyuningsih, S. K., & Daulay, L. A. (2021). Face to Face Learning vs Blended Learning vs Online Learning (Student Perception of Learning). Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1783(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1783/1/012112
Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1961). Computer simulation of human thinking. In Science (Vol. 134, Issue 3495, pp. 2011–2017). https://doi.org/10.2307/1708146
OECD. (2016). Skills for a Digital World.
Ohn, M., Souza, U., & Ohn, K. (2020). A qualitative study on negative attitude toward electrocardiogram learning among undergraduate medical students. Tzu Chi Medical Journal, 32(4), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_91_19
Papaconstantinou, M., Kilkenny, D., Garside, C., Ju, W., Najafi, H., & Harrison, L. (2020). Virtual Lab Integration in Undergraduate Courses: Insights from Course Design and Implementation. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 46(3), 1–18. https://www.labster.com/
Potkonjak, V., Gardner, M., Callaghan, V., Mattila, P., Guetl, C., Petrović, V. M., & Jovanović, K. (2021). Virtual Laboratories for Education in Science, Technology, and Engineering: A Review. http://www.edleader21.com
Qayyum, A., Tabassum, R., Fatima Kashif, M., & Professor, A. (2024). The Digital Divide in Early Childhood Education: A Study of ECE Teachers’ Perceptions. Journal of Development and Social, 5(2), 2709–6262. https://doi.org/10.47205/ jdss.2024(5-II-S)52
Rahman, F., Feekra, R., Baishakhi, B., & Kishor Morol, M. (2022). A Systematic Review on Interactive Virtual Reality Laboratory. Interactive Learning Environments, 1(1), 1–10.
Rahmawati, D., Sajidan, S., & Ashadi, A. (2018). Analysis of problem-solving skill in learning biology at senior high school of Surakarta. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1006(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1006/1/012014
Rasheed, G., Khan, M., Malik, N., & Akhunzada, A. (2021). Measuring learnability through virtual reality laboratory application: A user study. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910812
Rehman, N., Zhang, W., Mahmood, A., & Alam, F. (2021a). Teaching physics with interactive computer simulation at secondary level. Cadernos de Educação Tecnologia e Sociedade, 14(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v14.n1.127-141
Rehman, N., Zhang, W., Mahmood, A., & Alam, F. (2021b). Teaching Physics with Interactive Computer Simulation at Secondary Level. Brazilian Journal of Education, Technology and Society (BRAJETS) Br. J. Ed., Tech. Soc, 14(1), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.14571/brajets.v14.n1
Sahin, S. (2006). Computer simulations in science education: Implications for distance education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 7(4), 132–146.
Saiz, L., & Klein, M. L. (2002). Computer simulation studies of model biological membranes. Accounts of Chemical Research, 35(6), 482–489. https://doi.org/ 10.1021/ar010167c
Savvides, P. (2018). Teaching Science Lab Safety: Are Virtual Simulations Effective? [PhD Thesis]. Arizona State University.
Shin, D. Bin. (2021). Exploring the Role of Virtual Reality Perspective Taking on Teachers’ Cognitive Empathy: An Action Research Study [PhD Thesis, The Faculty of the School of Education, The College of William & Mary in Virginia]. https://doi.org/10.25774/w4-56nt-qs91
Simmons, P. E., & Lunetta, V. N. (1993). Problem-solving behaviours during a genetics computer simulation: Beyond the expert/novice dichotomy. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 30(2), 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660300204
Smith, V. A., & Duncan, I. (2011). Descriptive Account: Biology Students Building Computer Simulations Using Star Logo TNG. 18(December).
Stecher, G., Tamura, K., & Kumar, S. (2020). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) for macOS. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37(4), 1237–1239. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz312
Sundblad, G. (2018). Virtual Reality and its Impact on Programming Learning Process Designing VR-based Programming Learning Practices [BS Thesis]. Malmo University.
Syafii, W., & Yasin, R. M. (2013). Problem Solving Skills and Learning Achievements through Problem-Based Module in Teaching and Learning Biology in High School. Asian Social Science, 9(12), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.5539/ ass.v9n12p220
Tabassum, R., Saleem, S., & Taj, S. (2024). Relationship between Multiple Intelligences and Digital Literacy Skills among University Students. Journal of Social Research Development, 5(2), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.53664/jsrd/05-02-2024-06-70-83
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., & Kumar, S. (2021). MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(7), 3022–3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(12), 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
Thiong, J. K., Ndirangu, M., & Okere, M. (2014). Effects of computer-based simulation module on secondary school students’ achievement in understanding of magnetic effect of electric current. 2(8), 96–102.
Thompson, M., Wang, A., Bilgin, C. U., Anteneh, M., Roy, D., Tan, P., Eberhart, R., & Klopfer, E. (2020). Influence of Virtual Reality on High School Students’ Conceptions of Cells. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 26(8), 929–946. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130512
Tibola, L. R., Herpich, F., Silva, P. F. da, & Tarouco, L. M. R. (2019). Experience in Teaching Science in Virtual Environment. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 7(4), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.31686/ ijier.vol7.iss4.1375
Trentsios, P., Wolf, M., & Frerich, S. (2020). Remote Lab meets Virtual Reality - Enabling immersive access to high tech laboratories from afar. Procedia Manufacturing, 43, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.104
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Eds.; 3rd ed.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England. http://ouleft.org/wp-content/uploads/Vygotsky-Mind-in-Society.pdf
Vygotsky, L. S., & Kozulin, A. (1986). Thought and language: Vol. null (null, Ed.).
Wikipedia. (2022, September 29). Supercomputing in Pakistan. Wikimedia Foundation.
Woodward, J., Carnine, D., & Gersten, R. (1987). Teaching Problem Solving through Computer Simulation. American Educational Research Journal, 25(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312025001072
World Bank. (2018). Ending Learning Poverty: What Will It Take? https://doi.org/ 10.1089/pho.2018.4550
Youngblut, C. (1998). Educational Uses of Virtual Reality Technology.
Zhao, S., & Song, J. (2022). Unpacking the Emotional Experiences of Learners in a Blended Learning Context. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(May), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879696
Zubair, U., & Zubair, Z. (2020). Surgical resident training in Pakistan and benefits of simulation-based training. In Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association (Vol. 70, Issue 5, pp. 904–908). Pakistan Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.5455/JPMA.282116
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Bulletin of Education and Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
